Prior to working on living beings or attempting more complex procedures as in surgery, the student needs to develop fundamental dexterity or psychomotor skills. Inanimate objects provide a non-stressful, time-efficient and highly effective means of obtaining these skills. Some of these can also be considered as a means of surgical instruction and may be listed in that section. Following the list of specific alternatives, there is a section on literature that either explains or evaluates the alternatives or provides additional information on the subject of skills development.
If you are aware of other examples you believe to be important to include here, please send the information to HEVM for consideration.
New additions:
Evaluation of an Equine Nasogastric Intubation Model for Training Veterinary Students
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Available from Limbs & Things.
From Web site: A comprehensive trainer for teaching all surgical knot tying techniques…
Suture training pad
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Available through Veterinary Simulator Industries Ltd.
Skin Suture Pattern Simulator
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See more information on the Norecopa site.
Skin Closure Simulator
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Produced by Delletec Surgical Procedure Simulators. As of 2023-12-10, however, the link provided for the product is no longer valid. You would need to contact the company directly to find out more information.
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Produced by Rescue Critters!.
Adjustable Tissue Tray Package
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For suturing skin incisions. The incision can be adjusted to create different degrees of tension.
Produced by Simulab Corporation.
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Available through Paws 2 Claws™.
From Web site: A great tool to learn or practice sutures on. One side includes a representation of a canine elbow bone.
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Produced by Simulab Corporation.
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For practicing blood vessel ligation.
Produced by Rescue Critters!.
RealLayer RealFlow simulated tissue technology
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For hemostasis and suturing. The company produces several simulators for practicing suturing.
Produced by SurgiReal.
Hemostasis model
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By Olsen et al 1996: Results of this study indicate that the hemostasis model was as effective as live animals for teaching the basic skills involved in blood vessel ligation. The students’ opinions regarding the use of properly designed inanimate models for teaching these skills were dramatically changed.
Foam hemostasis model
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By Smeak et al 1991: Students using simulators performed ligation with significantly more accuracy and tended to be more expeditious at this task.
Hemostasis simulator
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See Giusto et al 2015 for details and results of assessment.
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Produced by Simulab Corporation.
From Web site: The laparotomy model simulates a partial abdomen and includes skin, subcutaneous fat, fascia, preperitoneal fat, and peritoneum.
Hollow Organ Simulator
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Reviewed by Smeak et al 1994.
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Produced by SurgiReal.
This is a small intestine simulator for the practice of end to end, side to side, end to side and functional end to end anastomotic techniques.
Double Layer Bowel 20mm Outside Diameter
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Available from Limbs & Things.
From Web site: Realistic two layer bowel simulation for training in anastomosis techniques. … Realistic tissue response … Will withstand a fluid flush test to demonstrate integrity of the anastomosis
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Produced by Simulab Corporation.
From Web site: The Double-layered Intestine is a bowel section with two distinct layers for increased realism. Use this product to practice suturing, anastomosis, and stapling.
Vascular Access Training Models
Canine foreleg model |
Canine head and foreleg model |
Used for training in the art of vascular access (phlebotomy).
They were originally produced and sold by the University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, but the original page is no longer available. You can contact the university directly to see if there is more information.
Canine Leg Vascular Access Simulator
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Vascular access simulator for the dog.
Produced by SurgiReal.
Horse jugular vein access model
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Described and evaluated in Eichel et al 2013.
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Vascular access simulator for the horse; jugular and facial arteries.
Produced by SurgiReal.
Equine phlebotomy and intramuscular injection simulator
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Vascular and muscle access for the horse.
This simulator is described in by Williamson et al 2016.
Intravenous cannulation simulator
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Students using this easily made simulator showed more skill in cannulating the vein of a live animal than those not practicing on the simulator first, as reported by Perez-Rivero & Rendón-Franco 2011.
Alpaca vascular access
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This model was evaluated by Rousseau et al 2017.
Dog cadaver leg for venipuncture
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Galle & Bubna-Littitz 1983 used a formalin-fixed front leg of a dog and replaced the cephalic vein with a silicon tube containing artificial blood. This was then used to teach students the art of venipuncture. With ethically-sourced cadavers, this could be an effective means of training.
Fine needle aspiration device
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Developed by Simpson & Meuten 1992. This simple device, described in the publication, is used to contain fresh organ material (obtained from the necropsy lab) for teaching students the art of fine needle aspiration.
DASIE™ Dog Abdominal Surrogate for Instructional Exercise
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See Holmberg et al 1993 for evaluation.
Dog abdomen, ovariohysterectomy simulator
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This appears to be an effective means of preparing the student for ovariohysterectomy in the living animal.
Developed by University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney, Australia with Studio Kite; see article by Woon 2011 for more information.
TheMOOSE, ovariohysterectomy simulator
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This is described and evaluated by Fahie et al 2016.
Spay Training Manikin (ovariohysterectomy)
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Produced by Vet Effects Incorporated.
From Web site: The manikin allows the student to recreate a lifelike, step by step training, from incision to sutures.
Manikin – Spay Dog (ovariohysterectomy)
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Available through Paws 2 Claws™.
From Web site: The Spay Manikin was designed by Paws 2 Claws to be hands on training aid in learning the surgical procedures and techniques of spaying a dog, from intubation to the final sutures.
Neuter Training Manikin (castration)
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Produced by Vet Effects Incorporated.
From Web site: The manikin allows the student to recreate a lifelike, step by step training, from incision to sutures.
Manikin – Neuter Dog (castration)
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Available through Paws 2 Claws™.
From Web site: The Neuter Manikin was designed by Paws 2 Claws to be hands on training aid in learning the surgical procedures and techniques of neutering a dog, from intubation to the final sutures.
Various simulators at Utrecht University
Cat castration |
Dog castration |
Tracheostomy |
Venipuncture |
Drs van Nimwegen and Kirpensteijn at Utrecht University have developed a psychomotor skills program which includes various skills models or simulators. Although the simulators may appear ‘primitive’, they should be useful in developing initial dexterity for a wide range of procedures including cat castration, pre-scrotal castration of the dog, tracheostomy tube placement, pedicle ligation in ovariohysterectomy, esophageal feeding tube placement, venipuncture, tumor excision.
You will need to contact the university or the authors to find out if there is any more information about what the authors have developed: Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
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Produced by Rescue Critters!.
From Web site: …performing chest tube placements, and simulating emergency trauma by aspirating air and fluid from the thoracic cavity.
Training model for small animal thoracocentesis and chest tube thoracostomy
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By Williamson & Fio Rito 2014: A small animal thoracocentesis and chest tube thoracostomy model has been developed, that allows repetitive practice in a safe, standardised environment. … Student feedback indicated a high degree of satisfaction with the model and the laboratory experience, high perceived value of the case studies in improving learning, and increased confidence to perform the procedures under supervision. This model can replace the use of live animals while students are practising these procedures, improving their technique, and learning the appropriate safeguards used to prevent injuries such as pulmonary trauma.
See Williamson 2014 for critical evaluation.
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Produced by Rescue Critters!.
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Produced by Rescue Critters!
From Web site: Representations of the trachea, esophagus and epiglottis are all realistically crafted into this dog bust. It also features an airway with working lungs.
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Produced by Nasco.
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Produced by Rescue Critters!.
From Web site: Like its canine counterpart CCJ, Critical Care Fluffy is a full-sized, realistic feline mannikin.
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Produced by Rescue Critters!.
From Web site: …engineered as a complete emergency room veterinary training mannikin.
Low-fidelity canine models for intubation and urinary catheterization
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Described and evaluated in Aulmann et al 2015.
Nasogastric Intubation and Transtracheal Aspiration Model (horse)
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Produced by Anatomoulds.
Human patient simulator
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Modell et al 2014 used a human patient simulator from CAE Healthcare to train veterinary medical students in anesthesia and complications that may occur. They concluded that …the human patient simulator was a valuable learning tool for students of veterinary medicine. It was exciting for the students to work with, made them deal with ‘real-life’ scenarios, permitted them to learn without subjecting live patients to complications, enabled them to retrace their steps when their therapy did not correct the simulated patient’s problems, and facilitated correlation of their basic science knowledge with clinical data, thus accelerating their ability to handle complex clinical problems in healthy and diseased patients.
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Developed by Dr Daniel Fletcher at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. There also is a similar simulator for cats. All the simulators are stated to be available for sharing with other institutions. The dog simulator is described further by Fletcher et al 2012.
Flexible and Rigid Endoscopic training Device (FRED)
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Developed by Jacqueline C Whittemore, DVM, PhD, DACVIM at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine. See Kennedy 2009 for news item.
Simuldog
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Development, use and validation reported in Usón-Gargallo et al 2014.
Additional evaluation by Pérez-Merino et al 2018.
Canine Laparoscopic Ovariectomy Model
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Described by Chen et al 2019.
Canine Laparoscopic Simulator
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Development, use and validation reported in Usón-Gargallo et al 2014.
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Available from SynDaver Labs.
From Web site: The SynDaver Synthetic Canine is a futuristic animal model designed to replace live animals and animal cadavers in veterinary surgical training. Based on 20+ years of SynDaver research, this model is made from water, fiber and salt. She is a life saver, but she is not alive. She breathes and bleeds just like a real dog. She has individual muscles, bones, and organs – and can be operated on repeatedly without risking a live animal.
Joint Injection Simulator
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Described and evaluated in Fox et al 2013.
Cadaver model for arthrocentesis
Described and evaluated in MacIver & Johnson 2015.
Canine pelvic limb model for stifle joint evaluation
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Described and evaluated in Troy & Bergh 2015.
Bovine rectal palpation simulator
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Uses haptic technology. Developed at the University of Glasgow Veterinary School, as reported by Baillie et al 2005 and validated in Baillie et al 2005, and Kinnison et al 2009. An automated version was developed and evaluated by Baillie et al 2010.
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Report on its use and instructional evaluation in Read & Baillie 2013.
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Its use and evaluation were reported in Bossaert et al 2009.
Equine Palpation Colic Simulator
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For practicing rectal palpation in the female horse.
Available through Veterinary Simulator Industries Ltd.
Horse Ovary Palpation Simulator
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As reported by Crossan et al.
Canine prostate palpation simulator
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Described and evaluated in Capilé et al 2015.
Male Urinary Catheter Training Manikin
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Available through Paws 2 Claws™.
From Web site: This manikin was created to simulate the urinary catheterization procedure, along with collecting urine, emptying the bladder or taking urine samples.
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Available through Paws 2 Claws™.
From Web site: This manikin is designed with an external and internal urogenital structure with the purpose of performing two separate procedures; cystocentesis and cystostomy.
There is also the Cysto Dog Manikin.
Dental model for training veterinary and veterinary nursing students
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This is a being used at the Royal Veterinary College …to facilitate the teaching, learning and assessment of basic dental skills for veterinary nursing and veterinary medicine students.
An evaluation of it was reported by Lumbis et al 2012.
Rabbit silicon ear
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For intravascular access practice in the rabbit.
Produced by NPM SIKO.
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For practicing endotracheal intubation, cardiac puncture, blood collection from the saphenous vein in the rat.
Produced by Rescue Critters!.
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From Web site: …silicone rat designed for use on medical, pharmaceutical and veterinary training courses.
Koken Rat
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For practicing restraint, peroral dosing, intravenous vascular access through tail, endotracheal intubation in the rat.
There is purported to be a Koken Rabbit which is used for practicing restraint, peroral dosing, vascular access using the auricular vein, endotracheal intubation, urine collection through urethral catheterization.
Canine eye model for ophthalmoscopy
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Although ophthalmoscopy is not particularly invasive and student or staff companion animals can be used without any harm to them, this model may at least allow students to develop the psychomotor skills necessary without the added struggle of a moving “patient”.
Described and evaluated in Nibblett et al 2015.
Bovine Birthing and Ultrasound Simulator
Bovine Injection Simulator
Calf Simulator
The following includes literature cited above or which is relevant to the development of various skills, including outcome assessment. The titles are linked either to a publicly available copy of the document or to a digital object identifier. If there are illustrations which may be publicly viewable, these are also linked, but there is no guarantee that they would be viewable across all platforms.
Abutarbush, Sameeh M.; Naylor, Jonathan M.; Parchoma, Gale; D’Eon, Marcel; Petrie, Lyall and Carruthers, Terry 2006 Evaluation of traditional instruction versus a self-learning computer module in teaching veterinary students how to pass a nasogastric tube in the horse Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 33(3):447-454
Conclusion – computer-assisted learning is an acceptable and effective method of training students to pass an NG tube with potential welfare, proficiency, and knowledge advantages.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Allen, S.W. and Chambers, J.N. 1997 “Computer-assisted instruction of fundamental surgical motor skills” Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 24(1):2-5
Although I have listed this as an alternative, it did not replace animal use, rather just reinforced skills that could be obtained by inanimate objects in the first place.
A computer-assisted learning program, ‘The Surgical Techniques Auto-Tutorial Program,’ was developed for use as an introductory training tool of fundamental surgical motor skills. The program was well received by veterinary medical students. Although computer-assisted instruction was as effective as traditional methods in helping students develop and retain some skill, direct instructor contact was necessary for the retention of other stills such as knot tying. When followed by instructor contact laboratories, allowing feedback and reinforcement of operative skills, computer-assisted instruction was a helpful introductory training tool for the development of fundamental surgical motor skills.
Anderson, Lane S.; Olin, Shelly J. and Whittemore, Jacqueline C. 2023-12-01 Proficiency and Retention of Five Clinical Veterinary Skills Using Multipurpose Reusable Canine Manikins versus Live Animals: Model Development and Validation Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(6):654-660
…canine training manikins were created using readily available materials to teach fine needle aspiration (FNA) of peripheral lymph nodes, jugular venipuncture, cephalic venipuncture, intravenous catheterization, and cystocentesis…Initial proficiency and short-term retention of clinical skills do not differ for students trained using a manikin versus a live dog.
Annandale, Annett; Annandale, C. Henry; Fosgate, Geoffrey T. and Holm, Dietmar E. 2018-06-01 Training method and other factors affecting student accuracy in bovine pregnancy diagnosis Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 45(2):224-231.
Annandale, Annett; Scheepers, Elrien and Fosgate, Geoffrey T. 2020 The effect of an ovariohysterectomy model practice on surgical times for final-year veterinary students’ first live-animal ovariohysterectomies Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(1):44-55
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…students practicing an OVH on the model felt more confident (92%) and less stressed (73%) when performing their first live-animal OVH. Results suggest that the canine OVH model may be helpful as a clinical training tool and we concluded that the OVH model was effective at decreasing students’ first OVH surgical time.
Auer, Jörg Andreas 1994 Veterinär-Chirurgische Ausbildung am Simulator ALTEX 11(1):44-46
Discusses the use of simulators for development of basic surgical skills at the Veterinary Surgery Clinic of the University of Zürich. In German with an English summary.
Aulmann, Maria; März, Maren; Burgener, Iwan A.; Alef, Michaele; Otto, Sven and Mülling, Christoph K.W. 2015 Development and evaluation of two canine low-fidelity simulation models Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 42(2):151-160
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We thereby conclude that low-fidelity models can be as effective as high-fidelity models for clinical skills training.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Baillie, S. Utilization of simulators in veterinary training 15 pp
Baillie, Sarah; Mellor, Dominic J.; Brewster, Stephen A. and Reid, Stuart W.J. 2005 Integrating a bovine rectal palpation simulator into an undergraduate veterinary curriculum Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 32(1):79-85
Baillie, Sarah; Crossan, Andrew; Brewster, Stephen; Mellor, Dominic and Reid, Stuart 2005 Validation of a bovine rectal palpation simulator for training veterinary students Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 111:33-36
The subsequent performance in the real task, when examining cows for the first time, was assessed with the results showing a significantly better performance for the simulator group.
Baillie, Sarah; Crossan, Andrew; Brewster, Stephen A.; May, Stephen A. and Mellor, Dominic J. 2010 Evaluating an automated haptic simulator designed for veterinary students to learn bovine rectal palpation Simulation in Healthcare 5(5):261-266
The automated simulator equipped students with useful skills for examining cows. In addition, a simulator that does not need the presence of an instructor will increase the availability of training for students and be a more sustainable option for institutions.
Baillie, Sarah; Christopher, Rachel; Catterall, Alison J.; Kruydenberg, Adam; Lawrenson, Karen; Wonham, Katharine; Kilfeather, Peter and Warman, Sheena 2020-07-01 Comparison of a Silicon Skin Pad and a Tea Towel as Models for Learning a Simple Interrupted Suture Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(4):516-522
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In conclusion, the tea towel was as effective as the silicon skin pad, but it was cheaper, simpler to make, and the materials were more readily available. In addition, both models were used effectively with an instruction booklet illustrating the value of self-directed learning to complement taught classes.
Baillie, Sarah; Decloedt, Annelies and Londgren, Molly Frendo 2022-12-01 Designing Flipped Classrooms to Enhance Learning in the Clinical Skills Laboratory Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(6):699-704
A well-designed flipped classroom motivates learners by including different elements such as quality educational media (eg, videos), the opportunity to self-assess, and well-defined connections to relevant knowledge and skills. Student engagement with the flipped material can be promoted through different strategies such as clear communication to manage student expectations and adapting the delivery of the face-to-face component. Finally, gathering feedback and evaluating the initiative are important to inform future improvements.
Ball, Leslie and Scott, James A. 1964 An artificial uterus for laboratory instruction Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 144(3):264-265
Describes a model which can be built to teach palpation in the cow.
Banse, Heidi E.; McMillan, Chantal J.; Warren, Amy L.; Hecker, Kent G.; Wilson, Bethan; Skorobohach, Brian J.; Carter, Renee T.; Lewin, Andrew C.; Kondro, Doug A.; Ungrin, Mark D.; Dorosz, Samuel G.; Baker, Rose E.; Dehghanpir, Shannon D.; Grandt, Beth B.; Mitchell, Lorrie K. Hale and Anderson, Sarah J. 2021-10-01 Development of and Validity Evidence for a Canine Ocular Model for Training Novice Veterinary Students to Perform a Fundic Examination Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 48(5):620-628.
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Although ophthalmoscopy is not particularly invasive and student or staff companion animals can be used without any harm to them, this model may at least allow students to develop the psychomotor skills necessary without the added struggle of a moving “patient”.
These findings suggest that this canine model may be an effective tool to train students to perform fundoscopy.
Beaulieu, Alexandra; Nykamp, Stephanie; Phillips, John; Arroyo, Luis G.; Koenig, Judith and zur Linden, Alex 2022-08-01 Development and Validation of a Three-Dimensional Printed Training Model to Teach Ultrasound-Guided Injections of the Cervical Articular Process Joints in Horses Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(4):442-453
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…we successfully developed a 3D printed model of an equine cervical articular process joint, partially demonstrated the construct validity of the model, and proved the face and content validity of this new training tool.
Bogert, K.; Platt, Simon; Haley, Allison; Kent, Marc; Edwards, Gaylen; Dookwah, H. and Johnsen, Kyle 2016 Development and use of an interactive computerized dog model to evaluate cranial nerve knowledge in veterinary students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 43(1):26-32
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…we have developed a computerized simulated dog head that can exhibit cranial nerve dysfunctions and respond to specific testing procedures in a clinically accurate manner. … In an experiment conducted with 97 freshman veterinary students who had recently been taught cranial nerve anatomy and function, we found that examination performance decreased with the need for interactivity compared to memorization of fact, while satisfaction increased. Students were less likely to identify the correct disorder when they had to conduct the examination of the virtual dog themselves, revealing an inadequacy in traditional neuroanatomical teaching. However, students overwhelmingly supported the use of interactive question for assessment. Interestingly, performance on text-based questions did not correlate significantly with interactive or video questions. The results have implications for veterinary teaching and assessment within the classroom and in clinical environments.
Bossaert, Philippe; Leterme, Lieselot; Caluwaerts, Tim; Cools, Steven; Hostens, Miel; Kolkman, Iris and de Kruif, Aart 2009 Teaching transrectal palpation of the internal genital organs in cattle Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 36(4):451-460
Results suggest that Breed’n Betsy cannot fully replace training in live cows, but may be a valuable addition to the classical teaching method. Suggestions for future improvement are made.
The Breed’n Betsy Web site is http://www.breednbetsy.com.au/.
Braid, Helen R. 2022-05-01 The Use of Simulators for Teaching Practical Clinical Skills to Veterinary Students — A Review Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 50(3):184-194
The reviewed articles revealed that there are a number of simulators currently available to veterinary educators, that simulators can enhance student skills and provide an alternative learning environment without the need for live animal and/or cadaver use, and that they usually receive positive feedback from the students who use them. There appears to be a bias towards small animal simulators — however, some skills that are developed through the use of small animal or table-top models will be transferrable to other species. The majority of large animal simulators focus on bovine rectal palpation and/or pregnancy diagnosis.
Brisson, Brigitte A.; Dobberstein, Rachel; Monteith, Gabrielle and Jones-Bitton, Andria 2023-06-01 Excellent Agreement of In-Person Scoring versus Scoring of Digitally Recorded Simulated Suture Skills Examination Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(3):379-383
The excellent agreement between in-person and digital assessment suggests that digitally recording skills examinations can provide adequate suturing skills assessment, presenting several benefits. Digitally recorded assessment allows for anonymity, which can reduce assessor bias/favoritism, provide a record of performance that students can review and critically self-reflect upon, and reduce the number of in-person examiners required to complete surgical skills examinations. Additionally, digitally recorded assessment could become an option for students who experience anxiety performing a skills exam in the presence of an examiner.
Burns, Jeffrey P.; Reardon, Frank E. and Truog, Robert D. 1994 Using newly deceased patients to teach resuscitation procedures The New England Journal of Medicine 331(24):1652-1655
The authors discuss the ethical and legal aspects of this situation, and offer criteria for keeping it a legitimate form of training for the benefit of human society. There is no reason why similar principles could not be applied in veterinary medicine with respect to using new deceased patients for training purposes.
A total of 449 questionnaires were mailed in the summer of 1992, and responses were received from 353 training programs (79 percent). Of these, 136 (39 percent) described using newly deceased patients in the teaching of resuscitation procedures; this finding is similar to the results of another recent survey… The highest proportions of respondents who allowed procedures to be performed on patients after their death were found among the emergency-medicine programs (63 percent) and the neonatal critical care programs (58 percent). Forty percent of programs that used this teaching technique reported using it 10 or more times per year. Tracheal intubation was overwhelmingly the most common procedure practiced, but other procedures, including the placement of central venous catheters, surgical venous cutdown, thoracotomy, pericardiocentesis, cricothyrotomy, liver biopsy, and intraosseous needle placement, were also reported.
Capilé, Karynn V.; Campos, Gabriela M.B.; Stedile, Rafael and Oliveira, Simone T. 2015 Canine prostate palpation simulator as a teaching tool in veterinary education Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 42(2):146-150
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…our aim was to develop a canine prostate palpation simulator to provide students with the opportunity to learn the prostate palpation technique in dogs and to assess their opinion of this simulator as a teaching tool. The inner part of the canine mannequin contains a rotation system with three types of prostates that can be exchanged during the exam. … We conclude that the simulator can help students to develop clinical skills for prostate palpation in dogs.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Carroll, Hillary S.; Lucia, Tomasina A.; Farnsworth, Chelsea H.; Hinckley, Michael M.; Zeugschmidt, Eryn L. and Cary, Julie A. 2016 Development of an optional clinical skills laboratory for surgical skills training of veterinary students Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 248(6):624-628
During each OCSL session, a variety of surgical training models and cadavers were available for students to practice with. Simple models for students to practice suturing, pedicle ligation, and IV catheter placement were made from surplus hospital stock and inexpensive materials readily available from hardware and craft stores. In addition, 5 to 7 whole or prosected cadavers were typically available for student use during each session. Large animal cadavers were primarily obtained through donation to the veterinary teaching hospital. Canine and feline cadavers were obtained through the CVM’s contract with animal control agencies in Washington state under which animals judged to be unadoptable by individual animal control agencies were euthanized at the agencies in accordance with AVMA and institutional animal care and use guidelines and transported to WSU CVM fresh-frozen. Fresh cadavers from other teaching laboratories were also used when available. All cadaver use adhered to AVMA and institutional animal care and use guidelines for humane use of animals. No animals were euthanized specifically for use in the OCSL.
Chen, Chi-Ya; Elarbi, Mustafa; Ragle, Claude A. and Fransson, Boel A. 2019 Development and evaluation of a high-fidelity canine laparoscopic ovariectomy model for surgical simulation training and testing Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 254(1):113-123
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Results suggested the [simulated laparoscopic ovariectomy] model may be a useful surgical training tool. Further studies are needed to confirm usefulness of the model in veterinary laparoscopy training.
Cosford, Kevin; Hoessler, Carolyn and Shmon, Cindy Evaluation of a first-year veterinary surgical skills laboratory: A retrospective review Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 46(4):423-428.
Cosford, Kevin; Briere, Jennifer; Ambros, Barbara; Beazley, Shannon and Cartwright, Carolyn 2020-04-01 Effect of instructional format on veterinary students’ task performance and emotional state during a simulation-based canine endotracheal intubation laboratory: Handout versus video Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(2):239-247
Video instructions may be associated with higher performance scores than handout instructions during endotracheal intubation simulation training.
Crossan, Andrew; Brewster, Stephen; Reid, Stuart and Mellor, Dominic Comparison of simulated ovary palpation training over different skill levels 5 pp University of Glasgow
This paper describes an initial attempt to compare performance levels of users of different skill levels on the Glasgow Horse Ovary Palpation Simulator (HOPS). … Traditionally, students are taught horse ovary palpation through books, lectures, and practical experience. … As ovary palpation is a stressful procedure for the horse, ethical considerations limit a student’s opportunity to gain experience. A horse ovary examination can be difficult for a veterinary student to perform, but can also be fatal to the horse if performed incorrectly.
da Costa, Bruna N.; Sousa, Marlos G.; Tanji, Fernanda N.; Ulanin, Mariana; Wolf, Marcela and Stedile, Simone T.O. 2022-05-01 The Use of 3-D Models of Echocardiographic Imaging Planes for Teaching Echocardiography Techniques for Use in Dogs and Cats Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 50(3):208-220
The 3-D models facilitated, and significantly improved, the identification of cardiac structures and disease-associated abnormalities, and the learning process in general. Additionally, the models seemed to provide greater student motivation for studying echocardiography.
Dankelman, Jenny 2008 Surgical simulator design and development World Journal of Surgery 32(2):149-155.
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de Solis, Cristobal Navas; Gilmour, Lindsey J.; Coleman, Michelle C.; Watts, Ashlee E.; Bevevino, Kari E.; Glass, Kati G.; Hardy, Joanne and Chaney, Kristin P. 2021-01-15 Effectiveness of a digital interactive multimedia tutorial for preparing veterinary students to perform ultrasonography in horses Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 258(2):165-169
Higher-quality ultrasound images were obtained by veterinary students who had reviewed the DIMT [digital interactive multimedia tutorial] rather than the analogous information in textbook chapters. No difference in scores was identified between students in the lecture group and those in the DIMT group.
Decloedt, Annelies; Franco, Delphine; Martlé, Valentine; Baert, Alix; Verwulgen, An and Valcke, Martin 2021-06-01 Development of Surgical Competence in Veterinary Students Using a Flipped Classroom Approach Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 48(3):281-288
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Flipped classroom CSL [clinical skills laboratory] training resulted in significantly higher self-efficacy (score/100, pre-test 55 ± 14 vs. post-test 83 ± 8, p< .001) and surgical skills performance (score/20, pre-test 5 ± 3 vs. post-test 17 ± 3, p< .001). In conclusion, this study demonstrated the feasibility and value of implementing a flipped classroom approach in combination with CSL training.
Dilly, Marc; Read, Emma K. and Baillie, Sarah 2017 A survey of established veterinary clinical skills laboratories from Europe and North America: Present practices and recent developments Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 44(4):580-589
The findings indicated that having a dedicated veterinary clinical skills laboratory is a relatively new initiative and that colleges have adopted a range of approaches to implementing and running the laboratory, teaching, and assessments. Major strengths were the motivation and positive characteristics of the staff involved, providing open access and supporting self-directed learning. … There is no doubt that veterinary clinical skills laboratories are on the increase and provide opportunities to enhance student learning, complement traditional training, and benefit animal welfare.
Dronfield, Amy F.; Killick, Rowena S.; Warman, Sheena M.; Benato, Livia and Rooney, Nicola J. 2023-12-01 Comparing the Efficacy of a New Clinical Skills Model with a Traditional Method to Teach Tube Feeding of an Avian Patient Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(6):732-742
…a new model of a bird, made from a soft toy, silicone, and 3D printed parts, was designed to train students to perform this technique…the newly developed model in combination with an instruction booklet offers an effective and inexpensive alternative way to teach crop tubing in a teaching environment, without compromising animal welfare.
Eichel, Jane-Carolin; Korb, Werner; Schlenker, Antje; Bausch, Gerold; Brehm, Walter and Delling, Uta 2013 Evaluation of a training model to teach veterinary students a technique for injecting the jugular vein in horses Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 40(3):288-295
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The training model proved to be a useful tool to teach veterinary students how to perform jugular vein injections in horses in a controlled environment, without time limitations or animal welfare concerns. The newly developed training model offers an inexpensive, efficient, animal-sparing way to teach this clinical skill to veterinary students.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Ertelt, Katrin; Turkovic, Veljko and Moens, Yves 2016 Clinical practice of epidural puncture in dogs and cats assisted by a commercial acoustic puncture assist device–epidural locator: preliminary results Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 43(1):21-25
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The study results showed that the APAD-EL information supports the subjective signs of correct needle placement suggested by positive POP and LOR experienced by trained anesthetists. The technique can be useful to assist difficult epidural puncture and as a training and teaching tool.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Fahie, Maria; Cloke, Amanda; Lagman, Minette; Levi, Ohad and Schmidt, Peggy 2016 Training veterinary students to perform ovariectomy using theMOOSE Spay Model with traditional method versus the Dowling Spay Retractor Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 43(2):176-183
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This study endeavored to compare two methods of teaching OVE on a model based on assessment of procedure time and skill performance scores.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Fletcher, Daniel J.; Militello, Roberta; Schoeffler, Gretchen L. and Rogers, Catherine L. 2012 Development and evaluation of a high-fidelity canine patient simulator for veterinary clinical training Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 39(1):7-12.
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Fox, Victoria; Sinclair, Charlotte; Bolt, David M.; Lowe, John and Weller, Renate 2013 Design and validation of a simulator for equine joint injections Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 40(2):152-157
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Designing the Joint Injection Simulator … The bones that were used were from the forelimb of a skeletally mature Thoroughbred horse that had been euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study…The joint injection simulator represents an affordable teaching aid that allows students to repeatedly practice this skill in their own time with immediate feedback.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Fransson, Boel A.; Ragle, Claude A.; Mickas, Matthew M.; Martin, Kyle W. and Karn, Krystina N.L. 2023-06-01 Ability to Perform Laparoscopic Intra- and Extracorporeal Suture Ligations in a Live Canine Ovariectomy Model after Simulation Training Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(3):305-313
Extensive simulation training including suturing may contribute toward surgery residents being able to perform complex laparoscopic procedures.
French, Hilari M.; Dascanio, John D.; Peterson, Erik W.; Gilbert, Gregory E.; Wright, Christopher C.; Wickman, David D. and Bauman, Eric B. 2018 Development and student evaluation of an anatomically correct high-fidelity calf leg model Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 45(1):126-130
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One hundred and twenty pre-clinical veterinary students were instructed how to use obstetrical chains with a low-fidelity PVC model and the anatomically correct high-fidelity calf leg model. After a 45-minute lab, students were surveyed on their experience with both models. Overall students felt the anatomically correct high-fidelity calf leg model increased accuracy in chain placement and provided more accurate landmarks, a more realistic model, and more real-life scenario training.
Galle, Ursula and Bubna-Littitz, H. 1983 Modell zum Erlernen der Venenpunktionstechnik beim Hund Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine 30(9):796-799
In German with English (and other language) summary.
Gates, M. Carolyn; Littlewood, Katherine E.; Kongara, Kavitha; Odom, Thomas F. and Sawicki, Robert K. 2020 Guidelines for implementing a low-cost volunteer desexing skills training program for veterinary and veterinary technology students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(1):27-38
At the Massey University School of Veterinary Science, we recently established an innovative extracurricular volunteer program designed to have students teaching other students how to perform different elements of desexing procedures as they progress through their degree.
Giusto, Gessica; Comino, Francesco and Gandini, Marco 2015 Validation of an effective, easy-to-make hemostasis simulator Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 42(1):85-88
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After adequate training, students’ skills had significantly improved, alongside their confidence in placing hemostatic sutures. This proves our model is also useful in teaching basic open-surgery skills. Finally, its low production cost makes it ideally suited for self-practice.
Goldschmidt, Stephanie L. and Kustritz, Margaret V. Root 2022-06-01 Pilot Study Evaluating the Use of Typodonts (Dental Models) for Teaching Veterinary Dentistry as Part of the Core Veterinary Curriculum Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(3):340-345
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Ninety-six percent of students reported that practice with the dental typodont prior to the cadaver laboratory increased their comfort level in performing periodontal skills. However, practice did not result in a significant decrease in knowledge gap compared with participation in the cadaver laboratory alone. Although students perceived a benefit to practicing with the typodont, self-guided practice was not effective in decreasing the knowledge gap, most likely due to a lack of structured feedback with typodont use. Further investigation into the use of typodonts with direct feedback prior to structured laboratory or, alternatively, as an additional practice tool following a structured laboratory would further define if there is a benefit to typodont practice in veterinary dentistry.
Grevemeyer, Bernard and Knight, Andrew 2018 The development of a clinical skills laboratory at Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 46(3):177-183.
Haller, Nicolas; Reiss, Jacob; Seipel, Frank; Weishar, Robert; Alden, Zachary; Puccinelli, Tracy Jane and Walker, Julie 2020-03-01 Development of a Synthetic Training Model for Canine Thoracocentesis Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 48(2):78-84
…we have developed a reusable synthetic canine thorax model that accurately replicates the thoracocentesis procedure, provides immediate feedback to the students and reduces the need for canine cadavers. The low cost of our product provides an efficient alternative to cadavers for instruction in veterinary schools or hospitals.
Hall, Emily J.; Baillie, Sarah; Hunt, Julie A.; Catterall, Alison J.; Wolfe, Lissann; Decloedt, Annelies; Taylor, Abi J. and Wissing, Sandra 2023-06-01 Practical Tips for Setting Up and Running OSCEs Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(3):258-265
Hansen, Bernie D. 2003 An alternative model for teaching emergency procedures Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 30(3):227-230
Our innovative emergency-procedures laboratory enables students to acquire a high degree of proficiency, in a realistic setting, with focused, controlled instruction and practice, replicable in schools with or without emergency/critical care facilities.
Herrmann-Werner, Anne; Nikendei, Christoph; Keifenheim, Katharina; Bosse, Hans Martin; Lund, Frederike; Wagner, Robert; Celebi, Nora; Zipfel, Stephan and Weyrich, Peter 2013 “Best Practice” Skills Lab Training vs. a “see one, do one” approach in undergraduate medical education: An RCT on students’ long-term ability to perform procedural clinical skills PLoS One 8(9):e76354
Although the study was done on students in human medical school, the principles would apply to veterinary medical students.
Holmberg, D.L.; Cockshutt, J.R. and Basher, A.W.P. 1993 Use of a dog abdominal surrogate for teaching surgery Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 20(2):61-62
The authors found DASIE to be an effective alternative for preparing students for live surgery. It was well received by the students.
Hunt, Julie A.; Heydenburg, Matthew; Kelly, Christopher K.; Anderson, Stacy L. and Dascanio, John J. 2020 Development and validation of a canine castration model and rubric Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(1):78-90
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The canine castration model facilitated cost-efficient practice in a safe environment in which students received instructor feedback and learned through experience without the risk of negatively affecting a patient’s well-being. The strong correlation between model and live animal performance scores suggests that the model could be useful for mastery learning.
Hunt, Julie A.; Hughes, Caitlin; Asciutto, Matthew and Johnson, Jennifer T. 2020-06-01 Development and Validation of a Feline Medial Saphenous Venipuncture Model and Rubric Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(3):333-341.
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Hunt, Julie A.; Schmidt, Paul; Perkins, Jamie; Newton, Genesis and Anderson, Stacy L. 2021-10-01 Comparison of Three Canine Models for Teaching Veterinary Dental Cleaning Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 48(5):573-583.
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Experts approved all models for teaching, but recommended the 3D skull or full head model if student skills were to be assessed. Low-fidelity models remain effective training tools with comparable learning outcomes.
Hunt, Julie A.; Rogers-Scarlett, Susan; Schmidt, Paul; Thompson, R. Randall; Gilley, Alexandra; Devine, Elizabeth; Kelly, Christopher K. and Anderson, Stacy 2023-06-01 Validation of a Rubric Used for Skills-Based Assessment of Veterinary Students Performing Simulated Ovariohysterectomy on a Model Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(3):327-336
These data support validation of the simulated OVH rubric.
Jacobs, Carrie C. and O’Neil, Erin K. 2023-12-01 Use of equine cadaver limb models to enhance veterinary student self-efficacy during arthrocentesis Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 261(12):1-6
To determine if equine cadavers modified with joint distension would yield higher fluid volumes, require fewer needle redirects, and improve student self-efficacy. … Modified equine cadavers provided a higher fluid yield following arthrocentesis compared to unmodified cadavers, but despite this, multiple attempts were required for proper needle placement. Performing equine arthrocentesis improved student self-efficacy with the task. Given our results, the model used for introduction to performing equine arthrocentesis may be less important than practice with the skill. In order to improve proficiency and self-efficacy, equine arthrocentesis should be provided multiple times throughout the veterinary curriculum.
Johnson, Matthew D.; Behar-Horenstein, Linda S.; MacIver, Melissa A. and Su, Yu 2016 Assessing the effectiveness of a cadaveric teaching model for performing arthrocentesis with veterinary students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 43(1):88-94
The purpose of this study was to determine if a recently developed cadaveric canine model was an effective tool for teaching arthrocentesis to fourth-year veterinary students. … In both phases of the study, the participants were able to aspirate a measurable volume of fluid from the joints of the model. Participants recorded an increase in confidence with arthrocentesis after using the model in the first phase of the study and unanimously supported inclusion of the exercise in future teaching situations.
Kelly, Renagh M.; McGinn, Avril; McCorry, Mark Z.; Rackard, Susan M.; Graham, Helen A. and Breathnach, Rory M. 2024-01-01 Supporting students with innovative clinical skills teaching Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 262(1):143
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One new model is our canine ear examination model…Our model consists of a canine ear, ear canal and an interchangeable bead at the level of the tympanic membrane.
Kelly, Renagh M.; McCorry, Mark Z.; Rackard, Susan M.; Doherty, Michael L. and Graham, Helen 2022-12-01 Online, student-led, peer-to-peer teaching of clinical skills Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260(15):1911
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During the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns, a VetPAL project was designed harnessing structured Peer-Assessment Learning (PAL). … Materials and models were mailed to students so they could practice in their home settings. … Challenges in teaching digitally were overcome by providing video content and “how-to” tutorials to ensure students achieved the best learning opportunity with the digital devices they had at their disposal (eg, 2 camera set-ups, different view and focusing possibilities, alternative model creation from domestic materials). Students set up 2 devices with cameras, 1 focused on the equipment and 1 focused on themselves, to ensure their skills could be viewed, assessed and constructive feedback given whilst continuing to interact socially. The COVID lockdowns meant that VetPAL also provided a valuable opportunity for enjoyable student-driven practice of basic clinical skills outside of the academic timetable, in an informal and low-pressure setting. Many students attested to it being a very helpful way to reach out to peers in isolating times. Due to the success of the online VetPAL sessions, the same format was used for timetabled practical classes during lockdowns. The Clinical Skills Centre is a resource in high demand for core practical classes and ad hoc self-directed practice by students.
Kerr, Carolyn L.; Abdulghani, Mina; Smith, Claudia and Khosa, Deep K. 2022-12-01 Randomized Trial Comparing Instructor-Delivered Feedback with Self-Assessment Using Video during Basic Skills Training Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(6):790-798
A prospective mixed-methods study was undertaken to evaluate student perceptions and performance outcomes with self-assessment using video- or instructor-delivered feedback during skills training using a model. Forty participants naïve to intravenous (IV) catheter placement were randomly assigned either to self-assessment using video or to instructor-directed feedback. … Self-reported confidence in knowledge and skill related to the IV catheterization technique improved with both self-directed feedback using video and instructor-directed feedback. Skill performance, however, was superior following instructor-directed feedback. Participants expressed positive experiences associated with use of the models for skills training, the value of the learning materials including the video, and guidance during learning.
Kilkenny, Jessica J.; Singh, Ameet; Kerr, Carolyn L.; Khosa, Deep K. and Fransson, Boel A. 2017 Factors associated with simulator-assessed laparoscopic surgical skills of veterinary students Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 250(11):1308-1315.
Kinnison, Tierney; Forrest, Neil David; Frean, Stephen Philip and Baillie, Sarah 2009 Teaching bovine abdominal anatomy: Use of a haptic simulator Anatomical Sciences Education 2(6):280-285
The findings indicate that the haptic simulator is an engaging way of teaching bovine abdominal anatomy to a large number of students in an efficient manner without using cadavers, thereby addressing some of the current challenges in anatomy teaching.
Kneebone, Roger and ApSimon, David 2001 Surgical skills training: simulation and multimedia combined Medical Education 35(9):909-915
Although this involves training in human medical school, the principles are applicable to veterinary medical school.
This paper presents a new approach to basic surgical skills training, where tuition using a specially designed computer program is combined with structured practice using simulated tissue models. This approach to teaching has evolved from practical experience with surgical skills training in workshops. … Qualitative analysis of observational and interview data provides strong preliminary support for the effectiveness of this approach.
Langebæk, R.; Berendt, M.; Pedersen, L.T.; Jensen, A.L. and Eika, B. 2012 Features that contribute to the usefulness of low-fidelity models for surgical skills training The Veterinary Record 170(14):361
In conclusion, low-fidelity models are useful educational tools in preparation for live animal surgery. However, there are specific features to take into account when developing models in order for students to perceive them as useful.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Langebæk, Rikke; Tanggaard, Lene; Toft, Nils and Berendt, Mette 2020 Using creativity as an educational tool in veterinary surgery: Students’ perceptions and surgical performance Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(1):91-99
The intervention group showed a significantly better performance and needed significantly less help with the surgical complication than the control group students. … Our study results thus indicate that an educational tool which stimulates creative thinking can promote reflection, creativity, and self-efficacy in novice surgeons without compromising surgical performance.
Langebæk, Rikke; Berendt, Mette; Tipold, Andrea; Engelskirchen, Simon and Dilly, Marc 2021-04-01 Evaluation of the Impact of Using a Simulator for Teaching Veterinary Students Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection: A Mixed-Methods Study Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 48(2):217-227
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In conclusion, this study validated the use of the CSF simulator as an educational tool that can help students overcome some of their anxiety in relation to performing an invasive procedure.
Lemieux, Elyzabeth; Babyak, Jonathan; Babyak, Shannon Weaver; Rozanski, Elizabeth and Frank, Nicholas 2023-06-01 Variables Influencing Intravenous Catheterization Success by Final-Year Veterinary Students in the Emergency Room Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(3):365-369
Final-year veterinary students do not master intravenous catheterization in the emergency room setting, and additional studies are required to improve clinical instruction in this area.
Lencioni, Rachael D.; Ragle, Claude A.; Kinser, Mathew L.; Coffey, Todd and Fransson, Boel A. 2017 Effect of simulator orientation during skills training on performance of basic laparoscopic tasks by veterinary students Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 251(10):1196-1201
Because veterinary surgeons may be required to treat patients in various positions, development of laparoscopic training models to simulate the vertical plane is recommended.
Levi, Ohad; Shettko, Donna L.; Battles, Mark; Schmidt, Peggy L.; Fahie, Maria A.; Griffon, Dominique J.; Gordon-Ross, Paul and Hendrickson, Dean A. 2019 Effect of short- versus long-term video game playing on basic laparoscopic skills acquisition of veterinary medicine students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 46(2):184-194
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The results suggest that playing Marble Mania on a Wii for any time duration could be an effective method for veterinary medicine students to improve basic laparoscopic skills, and indicate the needs for additional studies.
Lozada-Gallegos, Angel R.; Velasco, Irma Campero-Ruíz and Pérez-Rivero, Juan J. 2022-05-01 Evaluation of a Low-cost Renal Simulator for the Diagnostic Ultrasound Training of Veterinary Medicine Students Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 50(3):201-207
To construct the simulators, donated cat kidneys were embedded in a prepared agar matrix. … Appropriate anatomical and ultrasonographic realism was achieved for each of the three layers of the kidney (cortex, medulla and pelvis), and similar pixel values were obtained with the simulator model and actual clinical diagnostic ultrasounds. In addition, the kidney dimensions acquired by the students were consistent with those acquired by the lecturers. Thus, the proposed kidney simulator can be used for the training of veterinary medicine students in ultrasonographic diagnostic techniques.
Lumbis, Rachel H.; Gregory, Susan P. and Baillie, Sarah 2012 Evaluation of a dental model for training veterinary students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 39(2):128-135
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All students identified a model as a potentially valuable learning tool to supplement existing teaching methods and facilitate the acquisition of small-animal dentistry skills. The dental model has the potential to equip students with useful, practical skills in a safe and risk-free environment.
MacArthur, Sandra L.; Johnson, Matthew D. and Colee, James C. 2021-02-01 Effect of a Spay Simulator on Student Competence and Anxiety Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 48(1):115-128
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A spay simulator was developed to provide veterinary students at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine a reusable, inexpensive, and error-enabled device for self-practice in anticipation of a live canine ovariohysterectomy. … The results of this study demonstrate that this low-fidelity spay simulator has a unique place in student surgical training, producing novice surgeons with increased perceived competence and knowledge of anatomy following spay simulation training and live animal surgery.
MacIver, Melissa A. and Johnson, Matthew 2015 Development of a cadaveric model for arthrocentesis Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 42(2):140-145
This article reports the development of a novel cadaveric model for future use in teaching arthrocentesis. … Objectives of the study were to develop and compare a model to an unmodified cadaver by injecting one of two types of fluids to increase yield.
Madden, Megan; Collins, Richard; Schwarz, Tobias and Suñol, Anna 2023-06-01 Use of 3D Printing Technology to Create a Canine Simulator for Cerebrospinal Fluid Sampling at the Lumbar Subarachnoid Space Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(3):354-364
…we demonstrate the validity of a novel, low-cost, and anatomically precise simulator that can be used for teaching CSF sampling at the LSS [lumbar subarachnoid space].
Malone, Erin 2019 Challenges & Issues: Evidence-based clinical skills teaching and learning: What do we really know? Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 46(3):379-398.
McCaw, Katherine; West, Andrew; Duncan, Colleen; Frey, Danielle and Duerr, Felix 2022-12-01 Exploration of Immersive Virtual Reality in Teaching Veterinary Orthopedics Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(6):716-720
Though it is unlikely that iVR will ever fully replace hands-on learning experiences, it presents an educational opportunity to supplement traditional learning methods, motivate students, and fill information gaps. As iVR technology continues to evolve and improve, potential applications in the veterinary curriculum grow, making the modality’s use progressively more advantageous. Although this study describes its application in an orthopedic setting, the versatility of the iVR modality lends the potential for it to be implemented in a number of clinical and didactic settings.
McGaffey, Marissa; zur Linden, Alex; Sears, William; Monteith, Gabrielle; Khosa, Deep K. and Blois, Shauna L. 2024-02-01 Teaching Accuracy Through Repeated Gamified Echography Training (TARGET): Assessment of an Ultrasound Skill Simulator in Teaching Ultrasound-Guided Needle Placement, a Prospective Observational Study Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 51(1):95-103
A reusable novel ultrasound skill simulator consisting of metal targets wired to a circuit and suspended in ballistics gel was created to teach ultrasound-guided fine needle placement. … The authors suggest further development of this model for ease of manufacture and increased variation in difficulty, and veterinary curriculum incorporation for basic ultrasound-guided fine needle placement training.
Morin, Dawn E.; Arnold, Connie J.; Hale-Mitchell, Lorrie K.; McNeil, Leslie K.; Lanzo, Sherrie; Soder, Heather; Williams, David; Foreman, Jonathan H. and Whiteley, Herbert 2020-06-01 Development and Evolution of the Clinical Skills Learning Center as an Integral Component of the Illinois Veterinary Professional Curriculum Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(3):307-320.
McCool, Katherine E.; Bissett, Sally A.; Hill, Tracy L.; Degernes, Laurel A. and Hawkins, Eleanor C. 2020 Evaluation of a human virtual-reality endoscopy trainer for teaching early endoscopy skills to veterinarians Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 47(1):106-116
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The VRET [virtual-reality endoscopy trainer] was less stressful for participants than the LDL [live dog laboratory] (p = .02). All participants found that the VRET was a useful and acceptable alternative to the LDL for training of early endoscopy skills. Based on this limited study, VRET can serve as a reasonable alternative to LDL for teaching endoscopy skills to veterinarians.
Modell, Jerome H.; Cantwell, Shauna; Hardcastle, John; Robertson, Sheilah and Pablo, Luisito 2002 Using the human patient simulator to educate students of veterinary medicine Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 29(2):111-116
We conclude that the human patient simulator was a valuable learning tool for students of veterinary medicine. It was exciting for the students to work with this simulator, which made them deal with ‘real-life’ scenarios, permitted them to learn without subjecting live patients to complications, enabled them to retrace their steps when their therapy did not correct the simulated patient’s problems, and facilitated correlation of their basic science knowledge with clinical data, thus accelerating their ability to handle complex clinical problems in healthy and diseased patients.
Mueller, Stephanie M.; Bernigau, Dora; Muelling, Christoph and Grunwald, Martin 2019 Does studying veterinary medicine improve students’ haptic perception ability? A pilot study with two age-groups Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 46(3):408-414
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Neimkin, Ronald J.; Barrett, G.R. and Meyer, Leslie C. 1983 Foam bones: Experimental teaching aid Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 180:310-312
Describes in detail the technique of fabricating polyurethane ‘bones’ and advocates them as an inexpensive means of teaching surgical skills. Human bones from cadavers are used as templates for the mold. Although the artificial bones can be obtained commercially, the authors contend that they are cheaper and more instructive when made by staff members.
Nibblett, Belle Marie D.; Pereira, Mary Mauldin; Williamson, Julie A. and Sithole, Fortune 2015 Validation of a model for teaching canine fundoscopy Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 42(2):133-139
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You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Noyes, Julie A.; Carbonneau, Kira J. and Matthew, Susan M. 2022-02-01 Comparative Effectiveness of Training with Simulators Versus Traditional Instruction in Veterinary Education: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(1):25-38
Overall, the results indicate that simulator training in veterinary education can be effective for knowledge and clinical skill outcomes.
Olsen, Dennis; Bauer, Michael S.; Seim, Howard B. and Salman, Mowafak D. 1996 Evaluation of a hemostasis model for teaching basic surgical skills Veterinary Surgery 25(1):49-58
Parkes, Rebecca; Forrest, Neil and Baillie, Sarah 2009 A mixed reality simulator for feline abdominal palpation training in veterinary medicine Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 142:244-246
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You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Pérez-Merino, Eva M.; Usón-Gargallo, Jesús; Sánchez-Margallo, Francisco M. and Usón-Casaús, Jesús M. 2018 Comparison of the use of fresh-frozen canine cadavers and a realistic composite ex vivo simulator for training in small animal flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 252(7):839-845
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Use of the simulator appeared to be a viable alternative to use of FFCCs [fresh-frozen canine cadavers] for veterinary endoscopic training, providing students with a good level of proficiency before performing endoscopic procedures on live dogs.
Perez-Rivero, Juan José; Barbosa-Callejas, Ileana María; Delgado-Garduño, Lilia; Rodríguez-Buitrón, Lidia; Lavalle-Avalos, Amira Eunice and Herrera-Barragan, José Antonio 2022-05-01 A Low-fidelity Simulator for the Development of Vascular Ligation Skills Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 50(3):195-200
The use of this low-cost simulator represents a useful didactic tool, which supports the acquisition and practise of manual skills by using methods that do not involve the use of animals. In addition, this training simulator could be useful in distance learning, in view of the ready accessibility of the materials required for its construction.
Perez-Rivero, Juan J. and Rendón-Franco, Emilio 2011 Validation of the educational potential of a simulator to develop abilities and skills for the creation and maintenance of an intravenous cannula Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 39(3):257-260
Pires, José Luís; Payo, Pablo; Marcos, Ricardo 2022-02-01 The Use of Simulators for Teaching Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Veterinary Medicine Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(1):39-44
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Used “pork fat” to simulate lipomas, but some other medium could be used.
Simulation models thus were effective for learning [Fine Needle Aspiration], but the box simulator seemed to be more successful than the fruit in terms of deliberate practice. This appears to have a positive effect on students’ puncturing accuracy, which has clinical relevance.
Pollock, Kristina; Morton, Carolyn and Spielman, Stacy 2022-12-15 Teaching clinical skills mastery using immersive simulation Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 261(1):46
In 2020, we introduced a series of immersive simulation practicals in CPR, consulting, euthanasia, and disaster response (a road traffic collision) to allow acquaintance with clinical practice before starting hospital rotations. These practicals allow students to drill clinical scenarios with no risk to real patients while facilitating an opportunity to reflect upon and improve performance. Initial evaluation of this teaching has shown improved procedural skills, situational awareness, clinical reasoning, metacognition, and reflective practice.
Prutton, Alison M.; Lenaghan, Holly A.H. and Baillie, Sarah 2024-02-01 Evaluation of an Equine Nasogastric Intubation Model for Training Veterinary Students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 51(1):113-121
A low-cost equine nasogastric intubation model was created at the University of Surrey, allowing students to practice passing a tube and checking for reflux. Thirty-two equine veterinarians evaluated the model for realism and its potential usefulness in teaching. Veterinarians found the model to be realistic, supported its use as a teaching aid, and provided helpful feedback for possible improvements. … Students showed significantly increased confidence levels in all nine aspects after using the model, and reported that they appreciated being able to practice the skill in a safe environment prior to performing it on a live horse. The results of this study suggest that both clinicians and students considered that this model has educational value, which supports its use for training veterinary students prior to clinical placements. The model provides an affordable, robust educational aid that can be used in clinical skills teaching, increases student confidence, and allows students to practice the skill repeatedly.
Rayan, Ghazi M. and Yngve, David 1987 Tendon substitute for psychomotor skill laboratory training Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 79(2):314
They used polyethylene foam strip to simulate a tendon.
Razavi, Seyyed M.; Karbakhsh, Mojgan; Khahi, Mahdi Panah; Dabiran, Soheila; Asefi, Sara; Shahrak, Ghamar H. Zaker and Afrooz, Ali R. Bad 2010 Station-based deconstructed training model for teaching procedural skills to medical students: a quasi-experimental study Advances in Medical Education and Practice 1:17-23
This study suggests that deconstructing the practical skills into microskills and tuition of those microskills via the separated structured educational stations is effective according to the students’ self-ratings.
Read, Emma K. and Baillie, Sarah 2013 Using cognitive task analysis to create a teaching protocol for bovine dystocia Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 40(4):397-402
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A simulator model of a cow and calf was developed at the UCVM [University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine] to teach bovine dystocia correction. [Veterinary Simulator Industries www.vetsimulators.com]
Read, Emma K.; Vallevand, Andrea and Farrell, Robin M. 2016 Evaluation of veterinary student surgical skills preparation for ovariohysterectomy using simulators: A pilot study Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 43(2):190-213
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Results suggested that training with a lower-fidelity/cost model might be as effective when compared to a higher-fidelity/cost model.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Roe, Simon C. 2023-12-01 Real-Time Feedback to Enhance the Teaching of Wire Tying Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(6):636-639
In this paper, a device is described that can provide real-time feedback on wire tension generated during knot tying, and how particular knots resist an applied distraction. This device has been used to deliver a live demonstration to reinforce lecture material, and in small group teaching exercises, where real-time feedback enhances skills and understanding. A stepwise training schedule for surgery residents structured as an entrustable professional activity is proposed.
Rousseau, Marjolaine; Beauchamp, Guy and Nichols, Sylvain 2017 Evaluation of a jugular venipuncture alpaca model to teach the technique of blood sampling in adult alpacas Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 44(4):603-611
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Evaluated the Alpaca vascular access.
The jugular venipuncture alpaca model failed to improve jugular venipuncture skills in this student population. Lack of movement represents a significant weakness of this training model.
Scalese, Ross J. and Issenberg, Barry 2005 Effective use of simulations for the teaching and acquisition of veterinary professional and clinical skills Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 32(4):461-467
Sakai, Daniel M.; Skrzypczak, Heather; Nejamkin, Pablo; Clausse, Maria; Bulant, Carlos and José Del Sole, Maria 2022-12-01 Implementation of a Low-Cost 3D-Printed Feline Larynx Model for Veterinary Students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(6):785-789
Students who practiced with a larynx model took fewer attempts to perform EI [endotracheal intubation], tended to be faster, and found that EI was easier. However, the EI success rate in MT [model training] was not improved.
Scherzer, Jakob; Buchanan, M. Flint; Moore, James N. and White, Susan L. 2010 Teaching veterinary obstetrics using three-dimensional animation technology Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 37(3):299-303
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Incorporation of the 3D animations and interactive models significantly increased students’ scores on essay questions designed to assess their comprehension of the subject matter. This approach to education may help to better prepare students for dealing with obstetrical cases during their final clinical year and after graduation.
Schlesinger, Samira L.; Heuwieser, Wolfgang and Fischer-Tenhagen, Carola 2023-08-01 Using an OSCE to Explore the Role of Structured Debriefing and Self-Directed Learning in Simulator-Based Clinical Skill Training in Production Animal Reproductive Medicine Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(4):463-474
Schlesinger, Samira L.; Dahlberg, Maya; Heuwieser, Wolfgang and Fischer-Tenhagen, Carola 2021-12-01 Examining the Role of Structured Debriefing in Simulator-Based Clinical Skills Training for Namibian Veterinary Students: A Pilot Study Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 48(6):656-663
Students generally preferred practice sessions with some form of instructor involvement but the importance of instructor guidance was rated differently at each individual learning station.
Silva, Lidiane J.; Cordeiro, Carolina T.; Cruz, Matheus B. and Oliveira, Simone T. 2021-06-01 Design and Validation of a Simulator for Feline Cephalic Vein Cannulation—A Pilot Study Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 48(3):276-280
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This simulator offers undergraduate students an alternative way to learn and practice venipuncture in cats helping to reduce the use of live animals in practical classes.
Simpson, R. Mark and Meuten, Donald J. 1992 Development of a teaching laboratory aid for instruction of fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology technique Veterinary Clinical Pathology 21(2):40-44
The authors developed a simple device to contain fresh organ material (obtained from the necropsy lab) which could be used by students to practice fine needle aspiration.
Fresh organs were collected from the hospital necropsy laboratory.
Smeak, Daniel D.; Beck, Marian L.; Shaffer, C. Allen and Gregg, C. Geoffrey 1991 Evaluation of video tape and a simulator for instruction of basic surgical skills Veterinary Surgery 20(1):30-36
This study was to determine if an inexpensive hemostasis model improved a student’s blood vessel ligation skills when faced with live animal surgery.
Students using simulators performed ligation with significantly more accuracy and tended to be more expeditious at this task.
Smeak, Daniel D.; Hill, Lawrence N.; Beck, Marian L.; Shaffer, C. Allen and Birchard, Stephen J. 1994 Evaluation of an autotutorial-simulator program for instruction of hollow organ closure Veterinary Surgery 23(6):519-528
Although the students using the simulator prior to animals did not appear to have more confidence, it seemed that the overall results were similar to students using animals only.
This AT [autotutorial]/simulator program evidently does not significantly influence students overall gastrotomy closure technique versus traditional instruction methods. Several factors may help explain these results. The hollow organ model did not satisfactorily simulate live stomach tissue; the material was more fragile and stiff and suture cut-out was a problem even with appropriate suture tension and technique. Despite these obstacles, however, the model combined with AT instruction was effective for teaching several important aspects of gastrotomy closure, including needle placement. instrument usage, proper tissue inversion, and methods to minimize instrument handling of tissue.
Stowe, Devorah M.; Fiebrandt, Kate E.; Druley, Gail E. and Taylor, Abi J. 2022-08-01 Implementation of a Fine Needle Aspirate Simulation Model Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(4):432-436
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The model is inexpensive and efficient and allows for technique development and immediate instructor assessment and feedback.
Suñol, Anna; Aige, Vicente; Morales, Carles; López-Beltran, Marta; Feliu-Pascual, Alejandro Luján and Puig, Jordi 2019 Use of three-dimensional printing models for veterinary medical education: Impact on learning how to identify canine vertebral fractures Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 46(4):523-532
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Tham, Heng L.; Elnady, Fawzy A. and Byrnes, Meghan K. 2023-06-01 A Novel Canine Otoscopy Teaching Model for Veterinary Students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(3):266-275
Troy, Jarrod R. and Bergh, Mary Sarah 2015 Development and efficacy of a canine pelvic limb model used to teach the cranial drawer and tibial compression tests in the stifle joint Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 42(2):127-132
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In this study, two three-dimensional canine pelvic limb models were developed: one simulating a normal stifle and one simulating CCLR [canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture]. … Participant response indicated that while the tested model was effective and desirable, an ideal model would be more durable and lifelike.
Upchurch, David A.; Wang, Yuheng; Chen, Sheng; Roccabianca, Sara and Roush, James K. 2020 Assessment of time to completion, number of errors, and knot-holding capacity of square knots and Aberdeen knots tied by veterinary students and student perceptions of knot security and knot-tying difficulty Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 256(2):230-238
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Including this type of knot [Aberdeen knots] in surgical skills curriculum for novices may be beneficial.
Usón-Gargallo, Jesús; Usón-Casaús, Jesús M.; Pérez-Merino, Eva M.; Soria-Gálvez, Federico; Morcillo, Esther; Enciso, Silvia and Sánchez-Margallo, Francisco M. 2014 Validation of a realistic simulator for veterinary gastrointestinal endoscopy training Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 41(3):209-217
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This article reports on the face, content, and construct validity of a new realistic composite simulator (Simuldog) used to provide training in canine gastrointestinal flexible endoscopy. The basic endoscopic procedures performed on the simulator were esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), gastric biopsy (GB), and gastric foreign body removal (FBR). … Simuldog is the first validated model specifically developed to be used as a training tool for endoscopy techniques in small animals.
Usón-Gargallo, Jesús; Tapia-Araya, Angelo E.; Díaz-Güemes Martin-Portugués, Idoia and Sánchez-Margallo, Francisco M. 2014 Development and evaluation of a canine laparoscopic simulator for veterinary clinical training Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 41(3):218-224
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The Canine Laparoscopic Simulator (CLS) for laparoscopic training was developed based on the working and optical space obtained from computed tomography (CT) scan images of three Beagle dogs. … They perceived it to be a good training tool, and these results suggest that CLS is an engaging tool for education but still has some limitations inherent in training boxes. Further studies would be needed to establish the validity of training programs performed in the CLS.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Velásquez, José; da Silva, Luis Lopes Correia and Miglino, Maria Angélica 2023-06-01 Development of an Online Distance Learning Platform Combining Anatomy, Imaging, and Surgical Practice to Support Mastery Learning of the Equine Locomotor Apparatus Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 50(3):252-257
Walton, Rebecca; Riha, Julie; Swor, Tamara; Kopper, Jamie; Yuan, Lingnan; Mochel, Jonathan; Hoen, Meredith T and Blong, April 2024-02-01 Comparison of Traditional Didactic Versus Additional Hands-On Simulation Training in the Performance of Basic Life Support in Veterinary Students—A Prospective, Blinded, Randomized Study Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 51(1):38-43
This study evaluated the comparative effectiveness of didactic versus a combination of didactic and simulation training on performance and understanding of basic life support techniques in second-year veterinary medical students.
Wang, Timothy S.; Schwartz, Jennifer L.; Karimipour, Darius J.; Orringer, Jeffrey S.; Hamilton, Ted and Johnson, Timothy M. 2004 An education theory–based method to teach a procedural skill Archives of Dermatology 140(11):1357-1361
This teaching method can be effectively used to teach students to place and tie a simple interrupted stitch. Once validated and expanded, it may prove useful in shortening and standardizing procedural skill training and in objectively documenting competency.
Westermeyer, Hans D.; Druley, Gail E.; Royal, Kenneth D. and Mowat, Freya M. 2019 Use of a versatile, inexpensive ophthalmoscopy teaching model in veterinary medical student education increases ophthalmoscopy proficiency Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 46(4):518-522.
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Although ophthalmoscopy is not particularly invasive and student or staff companion animals can be used without any harm to them, this model may at least allow students to develop the psychomotor skills necessary without the added struggle of a moving “patient”.
Wichtel, Jocelyn; zur Linden, Alex; Khosa, Deep; Singh, Ameet; Sears, William and Phillips, John 2022-08-01 Validation of a Novel Ultrasound Simulation Model for Teaching Foundation-Level Ultrasonography Skills to Veterinary Students Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(4):473-483
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This study’s results support the validation of this ultrasound simulation model and may demonstrate early evidence for its use as a training tool in the veterinary curriculum to teach entry-level ultrasound skills.
Williams, Zoë J.; Sage, Abby and Valberg, Stephanie J. 2022-06-01 Hand-Held Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A New Tool for Veterinary Student Self-Driven Learning in the Time of COVID-19 Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 49(3):306-311
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The present report highlights the value of providing veterinary students with a smartphone-associated Butterfly iQ point-of-care ultrasound during a 3-week self-driven virtual clerkship. During the virtual rotation, the student was able to develop the skills required to generate sufficient quality images using three horses residing on her property. The affordability, portability, ease of use of the Butterfly iQ and availability of animals made it possible to develop hands-on imaging skills when distance learning was required.
Williamson, Julie A. 2014 Construct validation of a small-animal thoracocentesis simulator Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 41(4):384-389
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Williamson, Julie A. and Fio Rito, Robin M. 2014-06-01 Development of a training model for small animal thoracocentesis and chest tube thoracostomy Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 42(3):201-205
Williamson, Julie A.; Dascanio, John J.; Christmann, Undine; Johnson, Jason W.; Rohleder, Bradley and Titus, Lydia 2016 Development and validation of a model for training equine phlebotomy and intramuscular injection skills Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 43(3):235-242
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Veterinarians (n=7) found this low-fidelity model acceptable and supported its use as a training tool for veterinary students. Students reported in a post-lab survey that they felt models were as helpful as cadavers for learning the procedures. These results support the use of the model as a component of first-year veterinary student curriculum.
You may be able to obtain a copy of the paper from: ResearchGate
Williamson, Julie A.; Brisson, Brigitte A.; Anderson, Stacy L.; Farrell, Robin M. and Spangler, Dawn 2019 Comparison of 2 canine celiotomy closure models for training novice veterinary students Veterinary Surgery 48(6):966-974
The acquisition of surgical skills required to perform celiotomy closure in companion animals occurs similarly well on models made of foam and fabric or of silicone, providing flexibility in model selection.
Williamson, Julie A.; Johnson, Jennifer T.; Anderson, Stacy; Spangler, Dawn; Stonerook, Michael and Dascanio, John J. 2019 A randomized trial comparing freely moving and zonal instruction of veterinary surgical skills using ovariohysterectomy models Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 46(2):195-204
These results suggest that students accept either instructional method, but most instructors prefer to be assigned to a small group of students. Surgical skills were learned similarly well by students in both groups, although assigned instructors were more accurate at identifying at-risk students, which could prove beneficial if early intervention measures can be offered.
Woon, Siaw-Yean 2011 A veterinary student’s perspective on educational animal use and the potential for humane alternatives Altex Proceedings 1/12:377-385
One alternative discussed and illustrated here is the University of Sydney Faculty of Veterinary Science’s ovariohysterectomy simulator model. This was being developed by Studio Kite, 71 Walkers Lane, The Pocket, NSW 2483 Australia; phone: +61 2 6684 5181; Web: https://www.studiokite.com/
Zeugschmidt, Eryn L.; Farnsworth, Chelsea H.; Carroll, Hillary S.; Lucia, Tomasina A.; Hinckley, Michael M.; Gay, John M. and Cary, Julie A. 2016 Effects of an optional clinical skills laboratory on surgical performance of third-year veterinary students Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 248(6):630-635
Results suggested that attendance in the OCSL sessions was associated with improvements in surgical performance, as reflected in faster total surgery and incision closure times while performing an ovariohysterectomy during the third-year surgery course.
Updated 2024-03-24